如何培養會生活懂生命的孩子/游乾桂

學習看到孩子的優點

一張白紙上若有個黑點,我們通常只看到那個黑點,這些年透過自己不斷學習,我漸漸看到的是白色的部分。孩子若有85%的優點,15%的缺點,大多的家長都會忘記看見他的優點好處。所以,有位心理學家曾說過:「孩子需要一個懂得疼惜他的父母」。
有個「比馬龍」定律就是:你以什麼眼光看你的孩子,他就會成為那樣的人。
發明電燈的愛迪生,當學校的老師都放棄他,認為他一無可取,把他帶回家交給他媽媽時說:「笨蛋還給你。」
愛迪生的媽媽卻對他說:「別人看不起你,媽媽覺得你不錯。」
因此看孩子的角度不同,結果就會不一樣,最重要的是讓孩子有自信。

我在精神病院輔導過一位台大醫科畢業的病患,透過對談了解了他的成長歷程,發現他從小學到高中從未得過第二名,從中讓我體認到承受高壓力(高處不勝寒)的人容易失敗且敗得很慘。
其實失敗可以帶給人經驗和閱歷,兩者加起來則形成智慧。
我們究竟是要培養孩子成為會讀書的人,還是有智慧的人?

不忘讚美孩子

讚美可以以最少的力量發揮更大的效果,看到孩子的好處,就要去讚美他,他才會演好他自己,孩子會用父母所看到他的好處,演給父母看。

例如:我女兒很喜歡烹飪,我讚美她:今天一定有一個仙女來過,不然怎麼會變出這麼好吃的東西?女兒就會愈做愈起勁。
每天孩子一回來,我問的不是你在學校學了什麼,而是:有笑話嗎?
現在兒子回到家就會對我說:今天有笑話,聽不聽?

「量力」而行,現在做不到,來日方長,日後有可能做得到,因此不要讓孩子永 續的能力失去了,給孩子自信,他就會告訴自己:
「我行、我能,我再加加油。會為自己加油的,未來就會有獨領風騷的機會。」

未來將是“創意取勝”的時代,
創意就是把兩個不相干的東西結合在一起,例如:WALKMAN就是結合Walk和Man的兩個概念而創造出來的;水管是因為澆花的人要澆好幾處不方便而發明的;透明電梯是因為除了上樓梯外,還想看風景的想法而產生的。
家長必須得常常聆聽孩子的心聲,當孩子有時候突發奇想時,千萬不要罵他胡思亂想,而是要教他好好再想一想。
家長是孩子的推手引領者,如何把孩子珍貴的東西引發出來,並將孩子從幻想世界慢慢導入現實,這是家長的責任。

教孩子閱讀自己和大自然兩本書

有位哲學家說:教孩子要讀兩本書:一本是自己,一本叫做自然。
希望孩子能夠好好閱讀這兩本書,不單是用眼睛。

第一本書是讀自己。
就是指興趣、性向、能耐,能夠演活自己演好自己的人生(擁有自身獨特性)。
有些人是大器晚成者,例如非洲之父史懷哲,考不上大學,後來是因為拉得一手好手風琴,某位校長破例讓他在該校讀書,他主修歷史自修文學,三十歲時才念醫科,三十八歲畢業。
老頑童劉其偉,有許多頭銜,工程師、人類學家、冒險家、畫家,他在三十八歲才開始畫畫,六十六歲成名,他的一生,活得豐富而精采。
因此,有的人是大器晚成,有的人生柳暗花明又一村,有時路轉個彎會更好。

成功需要時間,當累積到很豐富時,成功就會來到,就會水到渠成。
很多人,小時了了大未必佳,因為他提早將自己的日月精華用光了;如果兩歲就會吊單槓,對他的身體發展反而會有害處。記得有個長跑選手蒲仲強很早受矚目卻不能持久;有人提早上大學,但他們幾乎沒有童年的生活。
例如:有個人十二歲上哈佛大學、十六歲畢業考上普林斯頓研究所,記者問他:「你在哈佛最大的經驗是什麼?」他回答:「除了寂寞,還是寂寞。」
因此,我們不要以大人的角度來要求孩子,時候到了就會水到渠成,該你的就是你的。

第二本書是大自然。
不要只是一味教孩子看書,要多帶孩子看山看水,看古道幽徑星星月亮,從自然中可以學習到很多書本裡學不到的東西。
例如:颱風來襲時,行道樹東倒西歪,躺下數萬棵,但森林中的樹往往屹立不搖,我發現其中的道理隱藏在自然的平衡哲學裡,森林的樹枝幹對稱而生,找著最平衡的肌理,於是耐得住風吹雨打;行道樹修修剪剪,則弱不禁風。

要給孩子:一是活路(演活自己人生的路),二是退路,不會讀書硬要他讀書就會成為死路。人活著常常會忘記兩件事——呼吸和快樂,因此只要他還存在(有呼吸)就有希望。就如同「失之東隅,收之桑榆」的意思。

教育的目的是教他成為一個人

教育的目的就是教他成為一個人。我們反省一下自己的生活是這樣嗎?
一、每天忙得像豬,每天做牛做馬(動物)。
二、每天活得像機器。(會動的人、會走路的殭屍,還是年輕的老頭?)

我們讀了那麼多書是為了工作?還是為了生活?很多人生活就是拚命讀書、努力工作、拚命賺錢,最後是養病。
讀書和工作並沒有最直接的關係,並不是會讀書就會當總經理,它所靠的是能力;生活就是一種能力(能耐),讀書和錢只是一個媒介,最終的目的是懂得生活,也可說是為了編織一個夢想,一個活生生的夢,快樂有趣的夢。

生命是一種慈悲喜捨

生命是一種慈悲喜捨,這比讀書更重要,會成為一輩子受用的資產,也是現今社會所欠缺的東西。一流的人不慈悲就沒有用,醫師不慈悲,對病患不能視病猶親,,一流的化學家不慈悲,製造毒物來害人就是恐怖分子,就是對社會無用。

我有個朋友是醫師,他說他每天開藥時都很掙扎,為了平衡自己,他在開藥的同時,也提供養生資料給病患,希望他們身體健康下次別再來。
其中有個養生方法是:天天要運動、好好睡個覺、慢慢吃頓飯。
有人一早起來就喝咖啡和茶,難道一早起來還這麼累嗎?
不健康的人,脾氣會不好,就不會以身作則。

最近的詐騙事件頻傳,他們都是很聰明的人,像我就想不出這種騙術,如果他們把聰明才智用在正途該有多好。因此,一流未必有用,有用必定一流,希望社會不要充斥著一流而無用的人。
有用的孩子或許很質樸,但他們會像金庸筆下的周伯通般「大智若愚」。

培養孩子的內在智慧

人有外在智慧與內在智慧,外在智慧指的是成績和分數,內在智慧則指動機(即主動學習的能力)這是孩子將來智慧的源泉,包含慈悲、尊重和理性。
隋文帝至清乾隆年間總共出了八百六十八個狀元,每個幾乎都沒有什麼出息;
曹雪芹(《紅樓夢》作者)、李時珍(《本草綱目》作者)等人都是落第的書生;
因為曹雪芹的文思澎湃(思考創意取向)無法符合八股的科舉制度(記憶取向)。
另外,興趣也很重要(如果沒有興趣做一份工作,很難做一輩子),職業只是努力讀書謀求生活的工作(會想退休);志業則是很喜歡做很開心的工作(永不退休),而慈悲就是一種志業,希望我們能夠培養孩子能以志業的心情去做工作。

把孩子的體力健康找回來

如果孩子不健康,他所跑的人生是短路不是長路,擁有健康身體能夠讓
學習產生一點七五倍的效率。
建議每個家庭建構一個運動時間,我們家是騎腳踏車,兒子稱它為——「發現台北的祕密花園」,因為和他們一起騎腳踏車,我發現台北的美,甚至發現住家(木柵)附近特別漂亮的地方和小湖泊。
你對自己住的地方了解嗎?是否能夠讓孩子有美好的回憶?和他們一起織夢?

和孩子一起編織夢想

《讀者文摘》上有個故事:老師告訴小朋友每個人只要捐出五元就能幫助非洲的人鑿一口井。有個小朋友回家跟媽媽要五元,媽媽說我們一起做資源回收賺這五元。 後來老師說上次我說錯了,鑿一口井應該需要五千元,於是那個小朋友號召全班同學一起做資源回收賺錢,加上企業的贊助,最後完成了這個夢想。

絕對不要小看孩子,他們有無限的可能性。希望每個父母都能幫助孩子圓夢,在日常生活中只要給孩子機會,他們一定可以做得到。
我和孩子一起去溯溪時,原本很擔心他的安全,有次他跑得太快,不小心跌倒了,他反而告訴我那裡有窟窿,你要小心喔;如果不給孩子機會,他的這種特質(關心他人)不會表現出來。

我會帶孩子一起去球場,自然而然他就很喜歡球類運動,也精通許多球技。
也會自己看NBA(主動去學習),有次和一位年長者比賽他故意比輸,他告訴我他是故意讓他的(會為別人想)。

這世界原本就有風風雨雨,重要的是如何跨越面對風雨,孩子有一天終究會離開學校,還原成一個人,馬上就得去面對嚴酷現實的生活,所以要有生命,有夥伴朋友助力,如果擁有這些特質,就會有機會。

讓孩子開心一點,歲月轉瞬即過,這些事不趕快去做,以後就做不到了。

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